Majority
Opinion
In this first degree murder case, petitioner challenges the procedure by which special circumstances allegations were added by amendment to the information in the superior court after the preliminary hearing had been held. After the denial in superi- or court of his motion under Penal Code section 995 to strike the death penalty allegations, petitioner seeks a writ of prohibition here, Penal Code section 999a, to compel dismissal of those charges. The motion under section 995 followed by review under section 999a is an appropriate means to attack special circumstances allegations. (Ghent v. Superior Court (1979) 90 Cal.App.3d 944 , 954-955 [ 153 Cal.Rptr. 720 ].)
We originally denied the petition for writ of prohibition. The matter is now before us by order of the California Supreme Court directing issuance of the alternative writ.
Petitioner contends:
1. The failure before preliminary hearing either to allege special circumstances or otherwise to manifest an unequivocal prosecutorial intent
2. Because persons indicted by a grand jury would have earlier notice, at the time of indictment, of the special circumstances allegations, petitioner is denied equal protection of the laws as compared with indicted defendants.
3. The evidence is insufficient to go to trial on each of the alleged special circumstances here.
The special circumstances which have been alleged here are Penal Code section 190.2, subdivision (a)(16) (intentional killing because of race); section 190.2, subdivision (a)(17)(ii) (murder while engaged in commission of kidnaping in violation of §§ 207 and 209); and 190.2, subdivision (a)(18) (intentional torture murder).[1]
The facts developed at the preliminary hearing suggest a racially motivated torture murder by petitioner and two codefendants. Prosecution witness Cassell testified he encountered the three at the Sunshine Summit store near Highway 79 off San Ignacio Road and petitioner told Cassell he and his companions were going to go “nigger hunting.” Cassell had just previously seen a black man walking along San Ignacio Road near the highway toward the Indian reservation nearby. Petitioner and the codefendants drove in that direction in a pickup truck and an automobile, followed by Cassell in another vehicle. Cassell saw petitioner seize the man and begin beating him, then throw him into the back of the truck and continue to beat him while he pleaded for his life and to be allowed to get out of the neighborhood. When the truck broke down the defendants threw the victim into the trunk of the automobile, drove about two miles, then threw the victim out of the trunk and continued to beat him until he died. The next day petitioner met other witnesses (Gorman and Bermek) while they were discussing the discovery of the victim’s body. Petitioner told them with a smile “The nigger was in the wrong place at the wrong time.” He also bragged about killing the victim. The victim had extensive bruises and lacerations to the head, neck and chest area and a fractured larynx, and he died of the head and neck injuries.
1 All references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise specified.
I
Discussion
Addition of Death Penalty Allegations After Preliminary Hearing
After pointing out the immense qualitative difference between imposing the death penalty and other punishments, as well as the strict scrutiny and precision applied in review of capital cases, petitioner contends his commitment was illegal because the failure to allege the special circumstances in the complaint denied fair notice of the nature of the charges and undercut any opportunity to rebut them at the pre
In noncapital cases, petitioner admits California law under sections 739 and 1009 and relevant cases permit amendment of the information to add charges or enhancements which are supported by the actual evidence at the preliminary hearing, provided the facts show due notice by proof to the accused. (Jones v. Superior Court, supra, 4 Cal. 3d 660 , 664-665; People v. Superior Court (Grilli) (1978) 84 Cal.App.3d 506 , 510 [ 148 Cal.Rptr. 740 ]; People v. Donnell (1976) 65 Cal.App.3d 227 , 233 [ 135 Cal.Rptr. 217 ]; People v. Flowers (1971) 14 Cal.App.3d 1017 , 1020 [ 92 Cal.Rptr. 647 ]; People v. Hall (1979) 95 Cal.App.3d 299 [ 157 Cal.Rptr. 107 ].) However, none of these cases involved death penalty special circumstances allegations. The Ghent case, supra, establishes such allegations may be challenged on a section 995 motion, which distinguishes special circumstances allegations from other penalty enhancements, but that holding does not necessarily require special circumstances be alleged before the preliminary hearing, or otherwise imply they must be treated differently than other offenses which may be alleged for the first , time after the preliminary hearing provided, as stated, there is notice and satisfaction of due process requirements.
The People rely on People v. Superior Court (Colbert) (1978) 78 Cal.App.3d 1023 [ 144 Cal.Rptr. 599 ]. In that case, however, the trial court had stricken the special circumstances allegations because it viewed the death penalty as unconstitutional, and the appellate court reinstated the allegations. No issue was made of the fact the allegations were added by way of amending the information.
We find no cases in California or elsewhere holding allegations warranting imposition of the death penalty must be charged before the preliminary hearing. As in California, the general rule elsewhere appears to require sufficient notice of the nature of the case to afford adequate opportunity for preparation of the defense. (See, e.g., People
In an attempt to show prejudice because of the amendment, petitioner’s attorney argued had he known special circumstances would be alleged, he would have sought special funds authorized for the investigation of capital cases (§ 987.9) and would have investigated more thoroughly the areas of racial killing, torture murder and kidnap, as well as obtained extra materials through the services of the state public defender’s office and other agencies which offer special assistance in capital cases. The attorney did not state, however, why he could not do those things after the amendment. The preliminary hearing took place October 2, 1980, after arraignment September 10. The information in superior court was filed October 16, and it was amended to charge special circumstances on October 27. The delay is thus quite short, not quite two months. Petitioner has had since then to do all the things stated and has made no credible showing of prejudice. Further, he has not described any specific tactics which he would have used at the preliminary hearing had special circumstances been alleged then nor otherwise indicated what he might have done differently. Even without special circumstances allegations, petitioner was here defending a serious potential first degree murder charge. The facts relevant to the special circumstances, such as commission of other felonies, torture or racial motivation, are also relevant to the degree of the offense, and it is inconceivable petitioner’s attorney would not have attempted to negate such factors in the face of a first degree murder charge but would have done so had he known the death penalty would certainly be sought. Further, he admits knowing the death penalty was under consideration and was a real possibility and does not explain why replacing this
2 “Q. To the best of your recollection, can you tell the judge what Mr. Talamentez told you as to how he was killed? “A. Yeah. He said he beat him and he choked him to death. “Q. Was there any discussion as to stabbing that you recall? “A. He said that he wanted to stab him, but nobody else really wanted to kill him, but he went ahead and killed him anyway, and he choked him to death. “Q. Judging from the expression and the demeanor of-Roland when he told you this, how would you describe his demeanor, expression, his attitude at that time? “A. Almost as though he was proud of it. “Q. Did Roland tell you or state anything to you as to what the black man was saying prior to the time he was killed? “A. Well, he was more or less—the way I—he was more or less pleading—asking him, you know, not to kill him. You know, it’s the only way—the only thing I can say is they beat him, put him in the trunk and killed him. “Q. Roland told you that the black man was asking not to be killed? “A. Yeah, more or less. « “Q. While you were at the Sunshine Summit Store, did Roland make any statements as it relates to a black individual? “A. He said we were going nigger-hunting. “Q. Prior to that statement, had you seen a black man anywhere near the Indian reservation? “A. He. was walking up the. road on the reservation. “Q. And by ‘up the road,’ you mean on Highway 79? “A. He was off that—it was on the road that goes to the reservation. It’s off the highway. “Q. San Ignacio? “A. Yes. “Q. At some time after Roland made that statement that you testified to, did all you leave the Sunshine Summit Store? “A. Yes. “Q. In what vehicles did you leave? “A. I left in the truck Scott was driving; and Joe was in it and Roland and Edie; and we left in that, and Glenn and my brother Bob and Alvin and Aussie were in Glenn’s car. “Q. What kind of truck was it that you were in? “A. A blue Ford. “Q. What kind of car was it that Glenn was driving? “A. A white Ambassador. “Q. After leaving the store, the Sunshine Summit Store, did you then see the black man? “A. Yes. He was walking-— “Q. Where was he? “A. He was walking down the road on Los Tules. *637 “Q. What happened at that time? “A. We seen him. He turned around. “Q. What happened next? “A. We stopped right beside him and Roland got out and said, ‘Hey, nigger’ and started beating him up. “Q. When this was taking place, what did the black man say, if anything? “A. He was saying ‘Leave me alone.’ He just—T just want to get out of the neighborhood.’ “Q. And did Roland say anything in response? “A. He told him to shut up and just kept on hitting him. “Q. When you say ‘hitting him,’ was he using his hands, his feet? “A. His hands. “Q. Were they open or in a fist? “A. In a fist. “Q. This was on the side of the road, next to the truck? “A. Yes. “Q. Did the position of the black man move from the side of the truck to some other place? “A. Into the back of the truck. “Q. How did that take place? “A. Roland threw him in the back.”
II
III
Here petitioner argues a person indicted by a grand jury would be entitled to earlier specificity than one charged by information because the indictment, unlike the information, cannot be later amended. In light of the great expansion of the right to be charged by information, with attendant preliminary examination, after the decision in Hawkins v. Superior Court (1978) 22 Cal.3d 584 [ 150 Cal.Rptr. 435 , 586 P.2d 916 ], the issue is largely academic now in California. Further, bearing in mind the much greater panopoly of rights attendant on a proceeding by information, as contrasted with indictment, the equal protection argument advanced here is wholly unpersuasive. The safeguard of rights here is the due process notice afforded by the actual evidence developed at the preliminary hearing, a safeguard lacking in the indictment procedure. Here, as stated, we find the evidence at the preliminary adequately raised the spectre of possible death penalty allegations.
Sufficiency of the Evidence to Support Capital Charges
The traditional test in determining a motion under section 995 is whether there is some rational ground to assume an offense has been
The evidence here adequately raises the factual possibilities of either racially motivated murder or torture murder. Although petitioner argues, for instance, the use of the word “nigger” is not enough to show racial motivation, or for further example, the fact the victim begged for his life does not necessarily show the extreme physical pain and deliberate infliction of such pain iiecessary to prove torture murder, these arguments should be better made on an appeal from a judgment imposing the death penalty since they do no more than question the adequacy of the evidence. The factual possibilities are real enough to permit the People to charge special circumstances. The story told by the People’s witnesses describes a deliberate hunt for a black victim, a completely unmotivated murder, with prolonged beating, infliction of terrible, brutal injuries, after dragging the victim about in a truck and then in a locked automobile trunk. We would ill serve the cause of justice to find no possibility of racial or torture murder here.
Regarding the charge of murder in the commission of kidnap, section 190.2, subdivision (a)(17)(ii), petitioner argues both (1) insúíficient evidence to show the kidnap was separate from and not incidental to the murder and (2) the statute requires the presence of facts shówing both sections 207 (simple kidnap) and 209 (kidnap for robbery). Neither contention has merit.
First, the new statute, added by initiative measure November 7, 1978, has not yet been judicially interpreted to require the same separation of murder and related offense as was necessary to impose the death penalty under former law. (See, e.g., People v. Green (1980) 27 Cal.3d 1 [ 164 Cal.Rptr. 1 , 609 P.2d 468 ].) Even if those standards applied here, however, there is a jury question of intent raised by these facts. It is possible petitioner may have intended to kidnap the victim in order to torture him, with the murder occurring later, as an afterthought, an accident, or the result of a change in intent. The asportation here was no mere technical movement of the victim and it certainly increased his danger and his suffering. Accordingly a challenge to the allegation on this ground is premature at best.
Conclusion
We are acutely aware this is a capital case (Ghent v. Superior Court, supra, 90 Cal.App.3d 944 , 953-954), and are likewise cognizant of the growing importance attached to the rights of criminal defendants at the preliminary hearing stage of the proceedings. (See, e.g., People v. Pompa-Ortiz (1980) 27 Cal.3d 519 , 523 [ 165 Cal.Rptr. 851 , 612 P.2d 941 ].) We have in the past, however, declined to compel reversal of judgment for errors at the preliminary hearing when no real prejudice to the defendant was shown (e.g., People v. Hampton (1981) 116 Cal. App.3d 193 [ 172 Cal.Rptr. 25 ]), and here we perceive none, even after careful scrutiny. The Penal Code states omissions or defects in the information are not reversible error without substantial prejudice. (§ 960.) Further, we believe if a new rule is to be fashioned for capital cases only concerning the procedure for amending the information after preliminary hearing, that innovation should emanate from the Supreme Court, charged with particular responsibility for capital cases, and with special expertise born of experience in that area of law. Finally, we agree with the People it is undesirable to compel charging death penalty allegations at the earliest possible moment in doubtful cases, because such a rule might produce considerable overcharging of the extreme penalty and might also invoke the use of such charges as “bargaining
The petition for a writ of prohibition is denied.
Brown (Gerald), P. J., and Cologne, J., concurred.
Petitioner’s application for a hearing by the Supreme Court was denied October 22, 1981. Bird, C. J., and Kaus, J., were of the opinion that the application should be granted.
Cases cited
- Ghent v. Superior Court 90 Cal.App.3d 944 at 954-955, at 955, at 953-954 p. 631, p. 638, p. 639
- Jennings v. Superior Court 66 Cal.2d 867 p. 634
- Gallaher v. Superior Court 103 Cal.App.3d 666 p. 634
- Jones v. Superior Court 4 Cal.3d 660 at 664-665 p. 634
- McDaniel v. Superior Court 55 Cal.App.3d 803 p. 634
- People v. Superior Court 84 Cal.App.3d 506 at 510 p. 634
- People v. Donnell 65 Cal.App.3d 227 at 233 p. 634
- People v. Flowers 14 Cal.App.3d 1017 at 1020 p. 634
- People v. Hall 95 Cal.App.3d 299 p. 634
- People v. Superior Court 78 Cal.App.3d 1023 p. 634
- Hawkins v. Superior Court 22 Cal.3d 584 p. 637
- People v. Hall 3 Cal.3d 992 at 996 p. 638
- Rideout v. Superior Court 67 Cal.2d 471 at 474 p. 638
- People v. Green 27 Cal.3d 1 p. 638
- People v. Pompa-Ortiz 27 Cal.3d 519 at 523 p. 639
- People v. Hampton 116 Cal. App.3d 193 p. 639